The Evolution Of The Pentium 4 Processor
The cores of Pentium 4 Processors need special mention here. The evolution of the Pentium 4 processor saw 4 cores.
Willamette was the product codename for the first Pentium 4 architecture implementation and which was released in November 2000 at speeds of 1.4 and 1.5 GHz. The cores were produced using a 0.18 micrometer process and initially used Socket 423 on motherboards. However the later versions with later revisions had Socket 478 on the motherboards.
Northwood core was released in January 2002, at speeds of 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 GHz. Northwood had a secondary cache size of 512 KiB with a transition to a new 130 nm (0.13 micrometer) fabrication process. The smaller transistors enabled the chips to run at higher clock speeds but less heat is produced. But the disadvantage was it did not permit upgrades in view of the requirement of a new socket. Northwood suffered the Sudden Northwood Death Syndrome due to Electro migration, a process which degraded the internal pathways of the CPU thanks to excessive electron energy.
Gallatin was mostly identical in design to Pentium 4 but the difference was that it had an extra 2 MiB of Level 3 cache. Prescott 's core used a 90 nm process for the first time, a major reworking of the Pentium 4's micro architecture It clocked at the same rate as a Northwood. However, Northwood's performance was slightly better than Prescott in gaming applications. Cedar Mill released in the year 2006 - had a lower heat output than Prescott - has a 65 nm core and features a 31-stage pipeline 800 MT/s FSB, Intel 64, Hyper Threading and Virtualization Technology, has 2 MiB of L2 cache,- released as Pentium 6x1 and 6x3 (product code 80552) at frequencies from 3.0 GHz up to 3.6 GHz.
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